Pharmaceutical analysis
Pharmaceutical analysis is a branch of practical chemistry that involves a series of process for identification, determination, quantification and purification of a substance, separation of the components of a solution or mixture, or determination of structure of chemical compounds.
The substance may be asingle compound or a mixture of compoundsand it may be in any of the dosage form.
The substance used as pharmaceuticals are animals, plants, microorganisms, minerals and various synthetic products.
The different pharmaceutical agents are as follows:
1. Plants
2. Microorganisms
3. Minerals
4. Synthetic compounds
Pharmaceutical analysis is traditionally defined as analytical chemistry dealing with drugs both as bulk drug substances and as pharmaceutical products (formulations).
However, in academia, as well as in the Pharmaceutical Industry. other branches of analytical chemistry are also involved, viz. bioanalytical chemistry, drug metabolism studies and analytical biotechnology.
The development of drugs in the pharmaceutical industry is a long-term process, often taking more than adecade from thestart of a research project to theappearance of adrug on the market.
That process involves several decision points, such as the choice of the candidatedrug after the preclinical screening phase, the investigational new drug (IND) application before testing the compoundfor the first time in man, and finally the new drug application (NDA) which summarizes the data obtained from all the studies needed for marketing approval of the drug as a medicine.
In all these steps,especially the IND and NDA, the amount of data generated is enormous.
Analytical chemists take part in many of the studies that constitute this documentation.
Substance quality and its specifications are based on substance analysis, and that knowledge is later used for quality control during full-scale production.
Product analysis involves dealing with the various formulations and starts after the IND has been approved.
The results from such work lead to specifications that form the basis for the quality control of the product.
For both substances and formulations there is an increasing interest in the introduction of process analytical chemistry.
The sample to be analysed is called as analyse.
Quality control and quality assurance
Chromatographic techniques
Quantitative and qualitative analysis
Validation methods
Stoichiometry between reactants& products
Scope of Pharmaceutical Analysis
Pharmaceutical Analysis is one of the most sort after specializations in masters of pharmacy.
People specialised in pharmaceutical analysis are indispensable to the manufacturing, quality control and analytical manifestations of the industry.
They can work in quality controldepartment which oversees the purity, qualitative aspects and the matching of the stringent regulatory limits required by a finished product.
Research and development has huge implications on the results of the analysis and detection of new compounds. More and more companies are stressing on a separate analytical R&D department.
Pharmaceutical analysis students also find takers in the medical devices companies, equipment companies, regulatory agencies etc.
Always remember, no matter what compoundsyou discover or formulation you make nothing is valid until it is evaluated, analysed andvalidated.
Based upon the determination type, there are mainly two types of analytical methods.
Qualitative analysis:
Quantitative analysis:
1. Qualitative analysis
This method is used forthe identification of the chemical compounds. Qualitative analysis is performed to establish composition of natural/synthetic substances. These tests are performed to indicate whether the substance or compound is present in the sample or not.
2. Quantitative analysis
This method is used for the determination of the amount of thesample. Quantitative analytical techniquesare mainly used to quantify any compound or substance in the sample. There are various methods to find out the quantity of a substance in a product.
Various types of Qualitative analysis:
1.Chemical methods
a) volumetric or titrimetric methods
b) gravimetric methods
c) gasometricanalysis
2.Electrical methods
3.Instrumental methods
4.Biological and microbiological
Methods of Expressing Concentration of Solution
Concentration of solution is the amount of solute dissolved in aknown amount of the solvent or solution. The concentration of solution canbe expressed in various ways as discussed below,
(1)Percentage: It refers to the amount of the solute per 100 parts of the solution. It can also be called as parts per hundred (pph). It can be expressed by any of followingfour methods,
(i)Weight to weight percent
% w/w = Wt of solute x 100
Wt of solution
(ii) Weight to volume percent
% w/v = Wt of solute x 100
Volume of solution
(iii) Volume to volume percent
% v/v= Volume of solute x 100
Volume of solution
(iv)Volume to weight percent
% v/w = Volume of solute x 100
Wt of solution
(2) Parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb):
When a solute is present in trace quantities, it is convenient to express the concentration in parts per million and parts per billion. It is the number of parts of solute per million (101) or per billion (109) parts of the solution. It is independent of the temperature.
Ppm= mass of solute component x 10
Total mass of solution
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Ppb= mass of solute component x 10
Total mass of solution
(3) Normality (N)
It is defined as the number of gram equivalents (equivalent weight in grams) of a solute present per litre of the solution. Unit of normality is gram equivalents litre–1. Normality changes with temperature since it involves volume. When a solution is diluted
N= Normal solution; 5N= Penta normal,
10N=Deca normal;N/2= semi normal N/10= Deci normal; N/5= Penti normal N/100 or 0.01N= centinormal,
N/1000 or 0.001= millinormal
Mathematically normality can be calculated byfollowing formula
Normality (N) = Number of gm eq. of solute
Volume of solution (l)
(* 1 equivalent = 1000 mill equivalent ormeq.)
(4) Molarity
Thenumber of moles of solute per litter of solution OR the molar concentration of a solution usually expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
It is also known as molar concentration, is the number of moles of a substance per litter of solution. Solutions libelled with the molar concentration are denoted with a capital M. A 1.0
M solution contains 1 mole of solute per litter of solution.
Molarity (M) = Mole of solute
Litres of solution
Molarity - M → moles per litter solution
(5) Molality
Thenumber of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. It is important the mass of solvent is used and not the mass of the solution. Solutions labelled with molal concentration are denoted with a lower case m. A 1.0 m solution contains 1 mole of solute per kilogram of solvent.
Molality (m) = Moleof solute Kg of solvent
Molality - m → moles per kilogram solvent
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